{"id":104851,"date":"2023-03-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docosan-blog.local\/blog\/uncategorized\/nhuom-gram\/"},"modified":"2025-02-04T12:08:07","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T05:08:07","slug":"nhuom-gram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.docosan.com\/blog\/xet-nghiem\/nhuom-gram\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhu\u1ed9m Gram: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, quy tr\u00ecnh, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

Nhu\u1ed9m Gram l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhu\u1ed9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch Hans Christian Gram<\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1882, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i. Khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhu\u1ed9m gram vi khu\u1ea9n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tinh th\u1ec3 t\u00edm ho\u1eb7c xanh methylen l\u00e0m m\u00e0u ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u n\u00e2u t\u00edm d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt Gram d\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft m\u00e0u s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt Gram \u00e2m. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Doctor c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n<\/a><\/strong><\/strong> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam trong n\u1ed9i dung d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a <\/em><\/strong>B\u00e1c s\u0129 Tr\u1ea7n Di\u1ec5m H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhu\u1ed9m Gram<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhu\u1ed9m Gram l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m t\u00edm pha l\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1ed9m ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho phi\u1ebfn k\u00ednh. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng i-\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p i-\u1ed1t m\u00e0u t\u00edm tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed m\u00e0u, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a etanol v\u00e0 axeton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00e0u nhu\u1ed9m. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhu\u1ed9m Gram li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m t\u00edm tinh th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i. Vi sinh v\u1eadt gram d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng peptidoglycan cao h\u01a1n, trong khi vi sinh v\u1eadt gram \u00e2m c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lipid cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\"ph\u01b0\u01a1ng
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhu\u1ed9m Gram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u t\u00edm pha l\u00ea tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng dung m\u00f4i, l\u1edbp lipid t\u1eeb c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt gram \u00e2m b\u1ecb h\u00f2a tan. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp lipid, gram \u00e2m l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t v\u1ebft s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, dung m\u00f4i l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gram d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p i\u1ed1t t\u00edm v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, vi khu\u1ea9n v\u1eabn b\u1ecb nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u. Th\u1eddi gian kh\u1eed m\u00e0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhu\u1ed9m gram v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e2u v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed m\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft b\u1ea9n kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhu\u1ed9m gram l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u fuchsin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho vi khu\u1ea9n gram \u00e2m<\/strong><\/a> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eed m\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng safranin nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng tuy nhi\u00ean, fuchsin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nhu\u1ed9m c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt gram \u00e2m m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n safranin. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Haemophilus spp., Legionella v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi khu\u1ea9n k\u1ef5 kh\u00ed b\u1eaft m\u00e0u k\u00e9m v\u1edbi safranin.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh nhu\u1ed9m Gram t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu\u1ed9m Gram<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Nhu\u1ed9m Gram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o nghi ng\u1edd nhi\u1ec5m vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1edbm v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh vi khu\u1ea9n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhu\u1ed9m Gram c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 theo \u0111\u00fang quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

M\u1eabu v\u1eadt<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhu\u1ed9m Gram vi khu\u1ea9n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddm, m\u00e1u, d\u1ecbch n\u00e3o tu\u1ef7, d\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u1ecbch kh\u1edbp, d\u1ecbch m\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5i, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u,\u2026 C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u0103m b\u00f4ng ngo\u00e1y m\u0169i, h\u1ecdng, tr\u1ef1c tr\u00e0ng, v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ed5 t\u1eed cung. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\"Quy
Quy tr\u00ecnh nhu\u1ed9m gram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nhu\u1ed9m Gram<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1ed9m Gram<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n